INSTITUTION PROFILE / HYDROGEN ENERGY
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
The publisher of the international standards that align hydrogen fuel quality, refuelling and emissions accounting
ISO is a network of national standards bodies with its Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland. It does not license the production or use of hydrogen. It publishes international standards on hydrogen fuel quality, refuelling stations and refuelling equipment, vehicle containers, the safety of water electrolysers and the method for calculating hydrogen's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, among other topics. ISO standards, however, are voluntary and carry no legal force of their own. Yet when a law cites a standard by name, as the EU's Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation does, the standard becomes a de facto requirement within the scope of that citation. This profile looks at one question only: how far ISO's influence over hydrogen energy actually reaches, in terms of the kind of power it holds and where that power applies.
- ISO in 30 seconds
- What kind of body it is: the four types of influence
- What it does for hydrogen energy
- How far its influence reaches (powers and geography)
- How standards enter law
- Outlook
- Glossary, references and claim-to-source audit
1. ISO in 30 seconds
What ISO sets are shared yardsticks: how hydrogen fuel quality is specified, what a refuelling connector must satisfy, how GHG emissions are calculated. It does not grant permission to sell hydrogen. ISO itself states that its standards are "voluntary", contain no contractual, legal or statutory requirements, and do not replace national law Sourced. They still matter to hydrogen businesses because a law that cites a standard turns it into a de facto requirement. EU Regulation 2023/1804, which applies from 13 April 2024, requires hydrogen refuelling points to meet the European standards EN 17127:2020, EN 17124:2022 and EN ISO 17268:2020 (the connector requirement is conditional) Sourced. By contrast, ISO's hydrogen GHG standard (ISO/TS 19870) sets no threshold for what counts as "clean". ISO's FAQ says such thresholds are set by national legislation as a matter of policy Sourced.
2. What kind of body it is: the four types of influence
Unlike the companies in this series, none of the institutions that appear in hydrogen coverage produces hydrogen. What separates them is the route by which they influence the industry, and that gives four types.
3. What it does for hydrogen energy
Hydrogen standards are written mainly by ISO/TC 197 (Hydrogen technologies). Its subcommittee ISO/TC 197/SC 1 (Hydrogen at scale and horizontal energy systems), created in 2022, covers large-scale hydrogen systems and the method for calculating GHG emissions Sourced.
| Item | ISO/TC 197 | ISO/TC 197/SC 1 |
|---|---|---|
| Scope (ISO's wording) | Standardization of systems and devices for the production, storage, transport, measurement and use of hydrogen | Standardization of large-scale hydrogen energy systems and applications, including testing, certification, sustainability and placement, and coordination with other standardization bodies and stakeholders |
| Created | 1990 | 2022 |
| Secretariat | Canada (SCC) | Canada (SCC) |
| Standards | 27 published (25 under TC 197's direct responsibility) and 23 under development (17 direct); the counts include updates | 2 published and 6 under development; the counts include updates |
| Members | 46 participating, 16 observing | 32 participating, 6 observing |
| Main working group topics | Refuelling station dispensers, compressors, hoses and fittings; fuelling protocols; fuel quality and quality control; basic safety considerations for hydrogen systems; water electrolyser testing and safety; liquid hydrogen | The method for calculating hydrogen's GHG emissions (production, liquid hydrogen, ammonia, LOHC); hydrogen pipelines; hydrogen shipping; electrolysers providing grid services |
* Counts are as shown on ISO's committee pages on 6 October 2026. Where a committee shares responsibility for a standard, the counts follow ISO's display.
The table below organises the main standards according to their ISO pages. The standards themselves are sold, so this article uses only titles, publication months, editions, stages and the published abstracts.
| Area | Standard (ISO's wording) | Edition, status and abstract |
|---|---|---|
| Vocabulary and basic safety | ISO 24078:2025 Hydrogen in energy systems - Vocabulary ISO/TS 15916:2026 Hydrogen technologies - Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems | The vocabulary was published in June 2025. TS 15916 was published in January 2026; its abstract says it identifies basic safety concerns, hazards and risks and describes safety-relevant properties of hydrogen, while detailed requirements for specific applications are treated in separate standards. The earlier ISO/TR 15916:2015 was withdrawn |
| Fuel quality | ISO 14687:2025 Hydrogen fuel quality - Product specification ISO 19880-8:2024 Fuelling stations - Part 8: Fuel quality control ISO 19880-9:2024 Fuelling stations - Part 9: Sampling for fuel quality analysis | ISO 14687 is the second edition, published in February 2025 (the 2019 edition was withdrawn). Its stage is "to be revised (90.92)", and a new work item for a third edition, ISO/AWI 14687, has been registered. ISO 19880-8 was published in December 2024 and sets the protocol for ensuring gaseous hydrogen quality for PEM fuel cells in road vehicles. ISO 19880-9 covers sampling at the dispenser, so that samples can be analysed against ISO 14687 |
| Refuelling stations | ISO 19880-1:2020 Fuelling stations - Part 1: General requirements ISO 19880-2:2025 Part 2: Dispensers and dispensing systems | 19880-1 was published in March 2020 (173 pages). It sets minimum requirements for the design, installation, commissioning, operation, inspection and maintenance of public and non-public stations, aimed at light-duty road vehicles with guidance also covering medium and heavy-duty vehicles. Its stage is "to be revised", and a new work item for a second edition is registered. 19880-2 was published in February 2025 and covers safety requirements and test methods for dispensers |
| Connectors and fuelling protocols | ISO 17268:2020 Gaseous hydrogen land vehicle refuelling connection devices ISO 17268-1:2025 Part 1: Flow capacities up to and including 120 g/s ISO 19885-1:2024 Fuelling protocols for hydrogen-fuelled vehicles - Part 1 | 17268:2020 is the third edition, published in February 2020 (stage: to be revised). 17268-1:2025 was published in August 2025 and applies to connectors with working pressures up to 70 MPa and flow rates up to 120 g/s. 19885-1 was published in May 2024 and covers the design and development process for fuelling protocols |
| Vehicle containers and safety devices | ISO 19881:2025 Gaseous hydrogen - Land vehicle fuel containers ISO 19882:2025 Thermally activated pressure relief devices... | 19881 is the second edition, published in June 2025. 19882 is the second edition, published in February 2025; its abstract says it applies to devices for containers that comply with ISO 19881 as well as with UN ECE R134, UN GTR No. 13 and other listed requirements |
| Liquid hydrogen | ISO 13984:2026 Liquid hydrogen - Land vehicle fuelling protocol ISO/FDIS 13985 Liquid hydrogen - Land vehicle fuel storage system | 13984 is the second edition, published in March 2026, for vehicles whose liquid hydrogen storage has an internal volume between 0.6 and 4 m3. The revision of ISO 13985 is at final draft stage (50.00); the current text is ISO 13985:2006 |
| Water electrolysers | ISO 22734-1:2025 Hydrogen generators using water electrolysis - Part 1: Safety | Published in July 2025 (63 pages), with safety requirements for appliances that make hydrogen by electrolysing water. ISO 22734:2019 was withdrawn. In SC 1, a testing guide for electricity grid services (ISO/WD TS 22734-2) is at working draft stage |
| GHG emissions accounting | ISO 19870-1:2026 Methodology for determining the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the hydrogen supply chain - Part 1: ...production of hydrogen up to the production gate ISO/TS 19870:2023 | 19870-1 was published in April 2026 (126 pages). Parts 2 to 4 (transport and conditioning of hydrogen, ammonia, LOHC) are at final draft stage (50.00). According to ISO's FAQ, the ISO 19870 series will replace TS 19870:2023 |
The table lists the title, edition and status of standards. It is not a procedure for handling or dispensing hydrogen. How a standard is used depends on its edition and on national law, so anyone applying one should check the current edition and the legislation that governs them. The stage "to be revised (90.92)" is ISO's label for a standard that, after periodic review, needs revising; it does not mean the current edition has stopped being valid. Standards for fuel cells themselves (the IEC 62282 series) come not from ISO but from IEC technical committee TC 105, Fuel cell technologies Sourced.
4. How far its influence reaches (powers and geography)
| Aspect | What ISO has | What it does not have |
|---|---|---|
| Powers | The ability, through agreement among national standards bodies' representatives, to write and revise standards. Use of the standards is voluntary | Legal force. ISO states that its standards do not replace national law and that national law takes precedence. Showing that a product meets a standard is done by the manufacturer, the user or an independent third party, not by ISO granting permission to hydrogen products or plants (our reading) |
| Geography | 177 member bodies, and a role as an international reference point. Where a law cites a standard, as in the EU, it reaches businesses in that region as a de facto requirement | Direct power to change any country's law. Effect depends on how each country or region adopts the standard |
| Subject matter | Standards for products, equipment, procedures and calculation methods (fuel quality, refuelling stations, containers, electrolysers, GHG accounting) | The definition of "clean hydrogen", thresholds, or subsidy conditions. ISO's FAQ says national legislation sets the thresholds |
| Scale | The hydrogen committee TC 197 lists 27 published and 23 under development standards and 46 participating members | Overall budget and Secretariat headcount (not found on the official pages). ISO says it finances standards development through sales of its standards |
5. How standards enter law
A standard becomes a "de facto requirement" when a law or similar instrument cites it. The EU's Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2023/1804) is a concrete case. It was adopted on 13 September 2023 and applies from 13 April 2024. Point 3 of Annex II (technical specifications) says the following about outdoor hydrogen refuelling points for motor vehicles Sourced.
| Provision (Annex II, point 3) | Content (as worded in the regulation) | Standard cited |
|---|---|---|
| 3.1 and 3.3 | Outdoor hydrogen refuelling points must comply at least with interoperability requirements (and the fuelling algorithm) | EN 17127:2020 |
| 3.2 | The quality characteristics of hydrogen dispensed must comply with the standard's requirements; the methods to ensure quality are also in the standard | EN 17124:2022 |
| 3.4 | Once the process for EN ISO 17268:2020 is concluded, connectors for refuelling motor vehicles with gaseous hydrogen must comply at least with that standard | EN ISO 17268:2020 (read as the European version of ISO 17268:2020) |
First, a standard has legal force only in the parts the regulation names. Second, for fuel quality the EU regulation cites not ISO 14687 itself but the European standard EN 17124:2022. International and regional standards sit side by side, and the lawmaker decides which to cite. Third, point 3.4 is worded as conditional ("once the process ... is concluded"), and this article has not confirmed whether that condition has been met Not yet confirmed.
Hydrogen's GHG emissions offer a second example. ISO/TS 19870 gives a common calculation method that ISO says can serve as a benchmark for certification schemes. But the thresholds for calling hydrogen "clean" or "low-carbon" are set by national legislation, to suit the production pathways each country prefers (renewables, nuclear, CCS and others), and they vary from country to country, according to ISO's FAQ Sourced.
Japan's Hydrogen Society Promotion Act shows the division of roles in practice. The ministerial order under the Act (METI Order No. 69 of 2024) sets the requirement for low-carbon hydrogen at "3.4 kg of CO2 or less per kg of hydrogen produced", so the threshold is set by Japanese law. The notice setting criteria for suppliers (METI Notice No. 174 of 2024), by contrast, says emissions are to be calculated by the method defined in ISO standards, and that suppliers should take care that hydrogen quality conforms to ISO standards or equivalents Sourced. In short, Japanese law draws the line, while the yardsticks for measuring and quality are left to ISO standards. The notice gives no standard number, so this article does not say which ISO standards are meant.
Which ISO committees and working groups the hydrogen companies in this series take part in could not be confirmed from ISO's public pages (experts take part through their national standards bodies).
6. Outlook
| What can be read from the sources | Primary evidence | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Parts 2 to 4 of ISO 19870 will be published, and the 2023 TS will give way to the ISO 19870 series | Parts 2 to 4 are at final draft stage (50.00). ISO's FAQ says the TS stays on sale until all parts are published and that the series will replace it. No publication date is given | Inference |
| Fuel quality (ISO 14687) and the general requirements for refuelling stations (ISO 19880-1) will move to new editions | Both are at stage 90.92 (to be revised), and new work items for the next editions are registered (stage 20.00). No publication dates are given | Not yet confirmed |
| The scope of hydrogen standards will widen from vehicles and refuelling stations to large systems such as pipelines, ships, rail, aircraft and grid services | SC 1's working groups cover pipelines, hydrogen shipping, fuel system components for rail vehicles, liquid hydrogen storage for aircraft and electrolysers in grid services | Inference |
7. Glossary
- Technical committee (TC) / subcommittee (SC)
- The ISO committees of experts that write standards. TC 197 covers hydrogen technologies; SC 1 sits under it and covers large-scale hydrogen systems.
- TS (Technical Specification)
- A document that can respond to market needs faster than an International Standard. ISO/TS 19870 is being replaced by the ISO 19870 series.
- Stage code
- Where a standard is in ISO's process. 60.60 = published, 90.92 = to be revised, 50.00 = final draft in formal approval, 20.00 = new work item registered.
- EN (European Standard)
- A standard adopted by European standards bodies. An ISO standard adopted in Europe can carry an "EN ISO" number. EU regulations often cite ENs.
- GHG emissions accounting
- A way of calculating, on the same terms, the emissions from making and moving hydrogen. It does not include a threshold for what counts as low-carbon.
- LOHC
- Liquid organic hydrogen carrier: hydrogen bound to a liquid organic compound for transport.
8. References
- ISO About ISO (meeting in London in 1946, founding in 1947, 177 members, 26,519 deliverables, 844 committees, Central Secretariat in Geneva, statement on independence). https://www.iso.org/about
- ISO Structure and governance (independent non-governmental organisation, national standards bodies of 177 countries, General Assembly, Council, Technical Management Board). https://www.iso.org/structure.html
- ISO ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen technologies (scope, creation date 1990, secretariat, numbers of standards and members, working groups). https://www.iso.org/committee/54560.html
- ISO Standards by ISO/TC 197 (titles and stages). https://www.iso.org/committee/54560/x/catalogue/p/1/u/0/w/0/d/0
- ISO ISO/TC 197/SC 1 Hydrogen at scale and horizontal energy systems (scope, creation date 2022, working groups). https://www.iso.org/committee/9387084.html
- ISO Standards by ISO/TC 197/SC 1 (stages of the ISO 19870 parts and ISO/WD TS 22734-2). https://www.iso.org/committee/9387084/x/catalogue/
- ISO Foreword - Supplementary information (ISO standards are voluntary and do not replace national law; conformity assessment). https://www.iso.org/foreword-supplementary-information.html
- ISO ISO 24078:2025 Hydrogen in energy systems - Vocabulary (published June 2025). https://www.iso.org/standard/77734.html
- ISO ISO/TS 15916:2026 Hydrogen technologies - Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems (published January 2026). https://www.iso.org/standard/89423.html
- ISO ISO 14687:2025 Hydrogen fuel quality - Product specification (published February 2025, stage 90.92). https://www.iso.org/standard/82660.html
- ISO ISO/AWI 14687 (new work item for a third edition, stage 20.00). https://www.iso.org/standard/94693.html
- ISO ISO 19880-8:2024 Gaseous hydrogen - Fuelling stations - Part 8: Fuel quality control (published December 2024). https://www.iso.org/standard/83949.html
- ISO ISO 19880-9:2024 Gaseous hydrogen - Fuelling stations - Part 9: Sampling for fuel quality analysis. https://www.iso.org/standard/82251.html
- ISO ISO 19880-1:2020 Gaseous hydrogen - Fuelling stations - Part 1: General requirements (published March 2020, stage 90.92). https://www.iso.org/standard/71940.html
- ISO ISO 19880-2:2025 Gaseous hydrogen - Fuelling stations - Part 2: Dispensers and dispensing systems (published February 2025). https://www.iso.org/standard/85839.html
- ISO ISO 17268:2020 Gaseous hydrogen land vehicle refuelling connection devices (published February 2020, third edition). https://www.iso.org/standard/68442.html
- ISO ISO 17268-1:2025 Gaseous hydrogen land vehicle refuelling connection devices - Part 1: Flow capacities up to and including 120 g/s (published August 2025). https://www.iso.org/standard/86283.html
- ISO ISO 19885-1:2024 Gaseous hydrogen - Fuelling protocols for hydrogen-fuelled vehicles - Part 1 (published May 2024). https://www.iso.org/standard/82556.html
- ISO ISO 19881:2025 Gaseous hydrogen - Land vehicle fuel containers (published June 2025, second edition). https://www.iso.org/standard/19881
- ISO ISO 19882:2025 Thermally activated pressure relief devices for compressed hydrogen vehicle fuel containers (published February 2025). https://www.iso.org/standard/82596.html
- ISO ISO 13984:2026 Liquid hydrogen - Land vehicle fuelling protocol (published March 2026, second edition). https://www.iso.org/standard/86295.html
- ISO ISO/FDIS 13985 Liquid hydrogen - Land vehicle fuel storage system (final draft, stage 50.00). https://www.iso.org/standard/86294.html
- ISO ISO 22734-1:2025 Hydrogen generators using water electrolysis - Part 1: Safety (published July 2025). https://www.iso.org/standard/82766.html
- ISO ISO 19870-1:2026 Methodology for determining the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the hydrogen supply chain - Part 1 (published April 2026). https://www.iso.org/standard/19870-1
- ISO ISO/TS 19870:2023 Methodology for determining the greenhouse gas emissions... (published November 2023; FAQ: no thresholds, to be replaced by the ISO 19870 series). https://www.iso.org/standard/65628.html
- European Parliament and Council of the EU Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure (adopted 13 September 2023, OJ L 234, applies from 13 April 2024; Annex II, point 3, technical specifications for hydrogen). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1804
- Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Enforcement Regulation (METI Order No. 69 of 2024), Article 3 (requirement for low-carbon hydrogen under the Hydrogen Society Promotion Act: 3.4 kg-CO2 or less per kg of hydrogen) (in Japanese). https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/category/saving_and_new/advanced_systems/hydrogen_society/carbon_neutral/03_sekoukisoku.pdf
- Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Notice on criteria for hydrogen suppliers (METI Notice No. 174 of 2024; refers to ISO standards for emissions accounting and quality) (in Japanese). https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/category/saving_and_new/advanced_systems/hydrogen_society/carbon_neutral/07_hanndannkijunn.pdf
- IEC IEC 62282-8-101:2020 (technical committee TC 105 Fuel cell technologies). https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/33278
9. Claim-to-source audit
| Claim in the article | Category | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Full name, the 1946 meeting and 1947 founding, 177 members, 26,519 deliverables, 844 committees, Central Secretariat in Geneva | Sourced | Reference 1 https://www.iso.org/about |
| Independent non-governmental body, governance structure, and that no Secretariat headcount is given | Sourced | Reference 2 https://www.iso.org/structure.html |
| ISO/TC 197 scope, creation in 1990, secretariat held by Canada (SCC), 27 published and 23 under development, 46 participating and 16 observing members, working group topics | Sourced | Reference 3 https://www.iso.org/committee/54560.html |
| Titles and stages of TC 197 standards | Sourced | Reference 4 https://www.iso.org/committee/54560/x/catalogue/p/1/u/0/w/0/d/0 |
| SC 1 scope, creation in 2022, 2 published and 6 under development, working groups (GHG, pipelines, shipping and others) | Sourced | Reference 5 https://www.iso.org/committee/9387084.html |
| Stages of the ISO 19870 parts and of the electrolyser grid-services testing guidance | Sourced | Reference 6 https://www.iso.org/committee/9387084/x/catalogue/ |
| ISO standards are voluntary, contain no contractual or legal requirements and do not replace national law; conformity can be assessed by first, second or third parties | Sourced | Reference 7 https://www.iso.org/foreword-supplementary-information.html |
| ISO 24078:2025 (vocabulary): publication month and scope | Sourced | Reference 8 https://www.iso.org/standard/77734.html |
| ISO/TS 15916:2026: publication month; it covers basic safety concerns and leaves detailed requirements to other standards | Sourced | Reference 9 https://www.iso.org/standard/89423.html |
| ISO 14687:2025: title, month, second edition, stage 90.92 (to be revised), the 2019 edition withdrawn | Sourced | Reference 10 https://www.iso.org/standard/82660.html |
| ISO/AWI 14687 (third edition) registered as a new work item and described as covering minimum quality characteristics of hydrogen fuel | Sourced | Reference 11 https://www.iso.org/standard/94693.html |
| ISO 19880-8:2024: title, month and the protocol for fuel quality for PEM fuel cells in road vehicles | Sourced | Reference 12 https://www.iso.org/standard/83949.html |
| ISO 19880-9:2024: title and the purpose of sampling (analysis against ISO 14687) | Sourced | Reference 13 https://www.iso.org/standard/82251.html |
| ISO 19880-1:2020: title, month, scope (light-duty road vehicles, with medium and heavy-duty also covered) and stage 90.92 | Sourced | Reference 14 https://www.iso.org/standard/71940.html |
| ISO 19880-2:2025: title, month, safety requirements and test methods for dispensers | Sourced | Reference 15 https://www.iso.org/standard/85839.html |
| ISO 17268:2020: title, month, third edition, stage 90.92 | Sourced | Reference 16 https://www.iso.org/standard/68442.html |
| ISO 17268-1:2025: title, month, up to 70 MPa and 120 g/s | Sourced | Reference 17 https://www.iso.org/standard/86283.html |
| ISO 19885-1:2024: title, month, design and development process for fuelling protocols | Sourced | Reference 18 https://www.iso.org/standard/82556.html |
| ISO 19881:2025: title, month, second edition | Sourced | Reference 19 https://www.iso.org/standard/19881 |
| ISO 19882:2025: title, month, scope (thermally activated pressure relief devices on hydrogen vehicle containers) | Sourced | Reference 20 https://www.iso.org/standard/82596.html |
| ISO 13984:2026: title, month, second edition, scope (liquid hydrogen systems of 0.6 to 4 m3) | Sourced | Reference 21 https://www.iso.org/standard/86295.html |
| A revised liquid hydrogen vehicle storage standard (ISO 13985) at final draft stage 50.00 | Sourced | Reference 22 https://www.iso.org/standard/86294.html |
| ISO 22734-1:2025: title, month, safety requirements, the 2019 edition withdrawn | Sourced | Reference 23 https://www.iso.org/standard/82766.html |
| ISO 19870-1:2026: title and publication month | Sourced | Reference 24 https://www.iso.org/standard/19870-1 |
| ISO/TS 19870:2023: publication month and the FAQ (no thresholds, national law sets thresholds, replaced by the ISO 19870 series) | Sourced | Reference 25 https://www.iso.org/standard/65628.html |
| Regulation (EU) 2023/1804: adoption and application dates and Annex II points 3.1 to 3.4 (EN 17127:2020, EN 17124:2022, EN ISO 17268:2020) | Sourced | Reference 26 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1804 |
| Japan's hydrogen law: the ministerial order sets 3.4 kg-CO2 or less per kg of hydrogen as the low-carbon requirement, and the criteria notice names the method defined by ISO standards for emissions accounting and asks suppliers to take care that quality conforms to ISO standards or equivalents (no standard number is given) | Sourced | Reference 27 https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/category/saving_and_new/advanced_systems/hydrogen_society/carbon_neutral/03_sekoukisoku.pdf Reference 28 https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/category/saving_and_new/advanced_systems/hydrogen_society/carbon_neutral/07_hanndannkijunn.pdf |
| IEC TC 105 Fuel cell technologies and the IEC 62282 series | Sourced | Reference 29 https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/33278 |
| The four types of institution | Our calculation | Our own classification |
| EN ISO 17268:2020 being the European adoption of ISO 17268:2020 (a reading of the standard numbers) | Our calculation | Our reading of the numbering in references 26 and 16. The adoption procedure itself has not been checked here |
| Whether the condition in Annex II point 3.4 (procedure for EN ISO 17268:2020 completed) has been met | Not yet confirmed | Reference 26 words it as a condition. This article has not confirmed whether it has been met |
| Which ISO committees and working groups the companies in this series take part in | Not yet confirmed | The public pages in references 3 and 5 do not name participating companies. This article does not estimate it |
| Central Secretariat headcount and the share of ISO income from standards sales | Not yet confirmed | Not stated in references 1 and 2. This article does not estimate it |
| The three outlook points in section 6 | Inference | This article's reading of the stage indicators in references 6, 11 and 25 |
Last updated 6 October 2026 / Troy Technical
This article draws on ISO's website (committee and standard pages), the Official Journal text of an EU regulation and an IEC standard page. Because the standards are sold, only titles, editions, status and published abstracts are used. Items marked "Inference" are this article's reading of the primary information.