INSTITUTION PROFILE / NEXT-GEN ENERGY STORAGE
U.S. Department of Energy
The federal department behind storage R&D, demonstration and loans. Power markets and tax sit elsewhere
For energy storage, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) provides research funding, national-laboratory test facilities, grants for early-stage research, manufacturing support and loan financing. It does not write the rules that let storage sell into power markets: those belong to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Tax credits for storage are the business of the Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and installation and safety standards come from private standards bodies. This profile looks at one question only: how much influence DOE actually has over next-generation energy storage.
What this article covers
- DOE in 30 seconds
- What kind of body it is: the four types of influence
- What it does for energy storage
- How far its influence reaches (powers and geography)
- Organisations connected to DOE's storage work
- Outlook
- Glossary, references and claim-to-source audit
1. DOE in 30 seconds
FULL NAMEU.S. Department of Energy
(DOE)Secretary Chris Wright and Deputy Secretary James Danly, per DOE's leadership page
(DOE)Secretary Chris Wright and Deputy Secretary James Danly, per DOE's leadership page
COUNTRY AND TYPEUnited States, federal departmentA Cabinet-level department. It works within the budget and laws set by Congress
ESTABLISHED1977DOE's history page says it has existed "only since 1977"
STAFFAbout 15,000 federal employees; 100,000+ contractorsFY 2025 Agency Financial Report. We could not find a headcount for storage work
STORAGE R&D BUDGETUS$85 million (FY 2026)Enacted amount for Energy Storage in the Office of Electricity. The FY 2027 request is US$51.7 million
ROLE IN NEXT-GEN STORAGEResearch, test facilities, manufacturing support, loansOffice of Electricity, Transportation Technologies Office, Manufacturing Deployment Office, ARPA-E, Energy Dominance Financing
POWERS DOE LACKSPower markets, tax, safety standardsMarkets: FERC. Tax: Treasury and IRS. Standards: standards bodies
REACHU.S. federal funds and business in the U.S.It does not extend to other countries' rules or subsidies
The one thing to grasp first
DOE's role in storage is to supply money and test facilities. It does not set the conditions for entering power markets or the tax benefits. DOE has a target for long-duration storage, the Long Duration Storage Shot: cut the cost of storage lasting 10 hours or more by 90% by 2030. DOE's August 2024 report measures this against a 2020 lithium-ion battery baseline and uses a levelized cost of storage (LCOS) of US$0.05 per kWh or less Sourced. Yet the FY 2027 budget request cuts the storage research line to US$51.7 million, 39% below the FY 2026 enacted amount, and reframes the aim as technologies that work "by the next year, rather than the next decade". This is a request, and we could not confirm whether Congress has enacted it Not yet confirmed. DOE's own structure has also been reshuffled since November 2025: the Loan Programs Office (LPO) now operates as the Office of Energy Dominance Financing (EDF).
2. What kind of body it is: the four types of influence
Unlike the companies in this series, none of the institutions that appear in energy storage coverage makes batteries. What separates them is the route by which they influence the industry, and that gives four types. DOE is chiefly a funder, and it also sits in the policy type because it sets targets and research roadmaps. It does not write power-market rules or tax law.
3. What it does for energy storage
DOE's involvement in storage is easiest to follow in three parts: research and test facilities, a long-duration cost target, and manufacturing and loan finance Sourced. A note on names: DOE announced a reorganisation on 20 November 2025, and the former Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) and other offices were folded into the Office of Critical Minerals and Energy Innovation (CMEI). On 28 January 2026 CMEI was in turn reorganised into three pillars.
Research and test facilities: who does what
| Unit | What the sources say | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Office of Electricity (OE), Energy Storage Division | OE's page describes the division's research and leadership as aimed at speeding the commercial deployment of grid-scale storage. Its key programmes are Energy Storage Technology RD&D and the Rapid Operational Validation Initiative (ROVI), which addresses the lack of uniform performance data. The FY 2027 request organises the work into four areas: materials and systems innovation, safety and reliability, analytics, and grid integration and field validation, plus operation of the Grid Storage Launchpad. Flow, solid-state, sodium, zinc and lead-based batteries and thermal storage are named as technologies of interest | Sourced |
| Grid Storage Launchpad (GSL) | A research and test facility of about 93,000 square feet at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, Washington, dedicated on 12-13 August 2024. It tests next-generation materials and prototype battery systems of up to about 100 kW under conditions close to real grid operation, independently of the developers. OE's budget document calls it the first national-laboratory facility focused on battery materials and systems for grid applications | Sourced |
| Transportation Technologies Office (formerly the Vehicle Technologies Office) | This CMEI office carries out battery R&D. Its stated goals are for electric vehicles: battery pack cost below US$75/kWh by 2030 with a range of at least 300 miles, and charging in under 15 minutes. They are not stationary-storage targets | Sourced |
| Manufacturing Deployment Office (MDO) and battery strategy | Part of CMEI's Office of Critical Minerals, Materials, and Manufacturing (CM3), the MDO says it is funding more than 375 projects in manufacturing expansion and workforce training, spanning batteries, grid components, and critical-minerals processing and recycling. CMEI also has a Deputy Assistant Secretary for National Battery Strategy. We did not check the number or size of individual battery-manufacturing grants | Sourced |
| ARPA-E | An agency that funds high-risk early research with small, short, actively managed awards. It says it has provided US$4.29 billion to more than 1,750 projects since 2009. Its storage programmes include DAYS (up to US$30 million announced in May 2018; storage for 10 to about 100 hours on the grid; 11 projects) and JOULES-1K (October 2023; systems at or above 1,000 Wh/kg and 1,000 Wh/L; 13 projects; aimed at eVTOL aircraft, drones and similar uses, not the grid). On 22 January 2026 it announced US$30 million across three programmes | Sourced |
A materials engineer's view: which stage of research does DOE money reach?
DOE's storage money comes from different places at different stages. Materials discovery and evaluation sits with OE's storage division and the GSL, prototypes of new 5-to-100-hour approaches with ARPA-E, scale-up of battery-material manufacturing with the Manufacturing Deployment Office, and improvement of vehicle cells with the Transportation Technologies Office. The GSL advertises tests of systems "up to 100 kW", so for a materials supplier it is a place where an early-stage battery can be measured by a third party under grid-like duty cycles. It is a test venue, however, and not a certification body. It does not replace certification such as UL 9540 or installation standards such as NFPA 855, a point Chapter 4 returns to.
The long-duration target: the Long Duration Storage Shot
| Item | What the sources say | Status |
|---|---|---|
| The target | Set in 2021: cut the cost of technologies that deliver 10 hours or more of storage by 90% by 2030, measured against a 2020 lithium-ion battery baseline. The August 2024 report uses a levelized cost of storage (LCOS) of US$0.05/kWh or less as the target value | Sourced |
| Working out the pathways | Storage Innovations (SI) 2030, begun in 2022, analysed research pathways to the target. On 19 July 2023 DOE published technology strategy assessments for 10 technologies (lithium-ion, lead-acid, flow, zinc, sodium, pumped storage hydropower, compressed air, thermal, supercapacitors and hydrogen), and an overview report followed in August 2024 | Sourced |
| What the overview report concluded | The projected 2030 baseline LCOS of every technology exceeds the target. With combinations of innovations, pumped storage, compressed air and flow batteries could reach it, while lithium-ion, lead-acid and zinc approach it at under US$0.10/kWh. These are the report's projections, not outcomes | Sourced Not yet confirmed |
| Where it sits | The Shot belongs to DOE's department-wide Energy Storage Grand Challenge (ESGC), whose page highlights a "Decadal Challenge" toward the 10-year goals. OE's page describes the ESGC as led by OE and EERE, but EERE was reorganised into CMEI in November 2025, so we could not confirm that this wording is current | Sourced |
Budget: the request points to less storage research money
| Line (US$ thousand) | FY 2025 enacted | FY 2026 enacted | FY 2027 request |
|---|---|---|---|
| OE Energy Storage (total) | 92,500 | 85,000 | 51,700 |
| Materials and systems innovation | 32,750 | 32,350 | 18,500 |
| Safety and reliability | 15,250 | 26,350 | 12,500 |
| Analytics | 20,600 | 11,150 | 8,500 |
| Grid integration and field validation | 9,100 | 10,350 | 7,700 |
| GSL operations | 4,800 | 4,800 | 4,500 |
| Transportation Technologies: Battery and Electrification Technologies | 117,837 | 200,000 | 12,000 |
Note: the FY 2025 Energy Storage total of 92,500 also includes US$10,000 thousand for Section 3201 Pilot Demonstration Grants, which has no line after FY 2025. The FY 2027 figures are a budget request, not an enacted appropriation, and we could not confirm whether Congress has enacted them. The Transportation Technologies line is mainly for vehicles and is not a stationary-storage figure. Amounts are in U.S. dollars and are not converted.
Manufacturing and loans: the Office of Energy Dominance Financing (formerly the Loan Programs Office)
| Item | What the sources say | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Name | The Loan Programs Office (LPO), which guaranteed and made loans, now operates as the Office of Energy Dominance Financing (EDF). EDF's page says it holds all the authorities and appropriations assigned to LPO. Its director is Gregory Beard | Sourced |
| Link to storage | Among the project types the Energy Dominance Financing Program (Section 1706) could finance, DOE lists "grid resilience technology, distributed energy, and/or energy storage" and "new manufacturing facilities for energy products or services". These are examples subject to EDF review, and DOE says they are neither exhaustive nor limiting. The programme centres on projects that add electricity supply or support grid reliability, and the projects now listed are mostly nuclear, transmission and utility loans | Sourced |
| A project that includes storage | On 5 August 2026 EDF announced the closing of a US$489.4 million loan to Amanecer Puerto Rico LLC, a Pattern Energy subsidiary. The financing supports 220 MW of battery energy storage systems (Arecibo and Santa Isabel) using American-manufactured battery technology; it also supports a pathway to future natural-gas generation. EDF's project list, updated 5 October 2026, shows 12 projects at 15 locations with US$59.912 billion in total financing; its technology categories are coal/oil/gas, generation and transmission, nuclear and utilities, and there is no storage or battery-manufacturing category | Sourced |
| Earlier projects | Search results showed earlier DOE announcements about loans for battery manufacturing and for projects including batteries, but those pages could not be retrieved when we tried to open them. We could not confirm the status of earlier individual projects and so do not cover them here | Not yet confirmed |
4. How far its influence reaches (powers and geography)
| Aspect | What DOE has | What DOE does not have |
|---|---|---|
| Money | Within the budget Congress provides, it decides R&D, demonstration and manufacturing grants and EDF loan guarantees. It works through national laboratories (17) and runs facilities such as the GSL | The power to set its own budget: that is Congress's appropriations. As the FY 2027 request shows, funding can move with Congress's decisions |
| Power markets | None (it does research and analysis on market-participation issues only) | Rules for wholesale power markets and transmission belong to FERC, an independent regulator. Retail rates and siting permits belong to states and local authorities |
| Tax | None | The rules for the investment tax credit for storage (Internal Revenue Code Section 48E) belong to Treasury and the IRS. Notice 2026-15 of 12 February 2026 explains how to calculate "material assistance" from a prohibited foreign entity for storage whose construction begins after 31 December 2025. It is not a DOE document |
| Safety standards and certification | According to the FY 2027 request, it supports safety education and safety standards development and gives information to first responders and others. It takes part in the process | Writing and adopting standards is for NFPA, UL Solutions, IEC and similar bodies. Whether a system may be installed depends on local ordinances that cite those standards, and fire authorities. The GSL is not a certifier |
| Geography | Projects funded by U.S. federal money, mostly with U.S. firms and research institutions | Other countries' rules and subsidies in Japan, Europe or elsewhere. No direct authority over foreign manufacturers (what reaches foreign firms selling into the U.S. is tax and trade rules from other authorities) |
| Scale | About 15,000 federal employees and 100,000+ contractors (whole department). Its storage budget is US$85 million in FY 2026 for OE's line | We found no storage-specific headcount, and no official total for what DOE spends on storage across all offices |
How to read the numbers
The budget figures in this article are for OE's Energy Storage line only, not the total DOE spends on storage. ARPA-E, the Transportation Technologies Office and the Manufacturing Deployment Office also fund storage-related work (Chapter 3), and we found no official combined figure Not yet confirmed. The Transportation Technologies battery line (US$200 million in FY 2026) is mainly for vehicles, so please do not add it to the storage figures.
5. Organisations connected to DOE's storage work
DOE's storage money reaches national laboratories, universities and companies through several channels. Fig. 2 sets out DOE's own channels next to the areas that are not DOE's remit (the role of each unit follows the sources in Chapter 3).
Outside organisations named on DOE's official pages (selection)
| Organisation | Relationship with DOE (sources) | Link to this series |
|---|---|---|
| Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) | Home of the GSL. DOE selected it in August 2019, broke ground in April 2022 and opened the facility in August 2024; the investment includes contributions from the State of Washington, Battelle and PNNL | A test facility, not a certifier |
| Form Energy | Ran "aqueous sulfur systems for long-duration grid storage" under ARPA-E's DAYS (ARPA-E lists the project as "alumni", meaning it has finished) | The subject of a company profile. Taking part in DAYS says nothing about the performance of its product or the strength of its business |
| Antora Energy / Quidnet Energy / UTRC and others | Among DAYS' 11 projects. Antora works on a solid-state thermal battery (listed as active), Quidnet on geomechanical pumped storage (alumni) and UTRC on an inorganic-reactant flow battery (alumni) | Not covered in this series |
| Pattern Energy (Amanecer Puerto Rico LLC) | EDF closed a US$489.4 million loan on 5 August 2026 for financing that includes 220 MW of battery energy storage | Not covered in this series |
Note: JOULES-1K's performers (Georgia Tech, the University of Illinois Chicago, Propel Aero, the Illinois Institute of Technology and others) are mostly working on ultra-high-density batteries for vehicles and aircraft, so we omit them here. Listing a company in this table does not mean DOE endorses it.
6. Outlook
| What can be read from the sources | Supporting primary sources | Status |
|---|---|---|
| OE's storage research budget would fall 39% (US$33.3 million) from FY 2026 if the FY 2027 request is enacted | FY 2027 Congressional Justification: US$85.0 million enacted against US$51.7 million requested. We could not confirm enactment by Congress | Not yet confirmed |
| DOE's storage emphasis seems to be moving from "long duration and 90% cost reduction" toward reliability, domestic supply chains and technologies usable soon | The FY 2027 request names firm baseload power, emergency response, critical-facility resilience, data-centre integration and affordability as priority uses, and aims at results "by the next year". Searching the text of the document, we found no mention of the Long Duration Storage Shot or the ESGC. OE's storage page still lists both as of our check date | Inference |
| On loans, storage will probably keep entering as part of projects that add supply or improve grid reliability | The EDF Section 1706 programme names storage among eligible examples, but the project list has no storage category, and the one project with storage (Puerto Rico) falls under generation and transmission | Inference |
| DOE's unit names may keep changing | The 20 November 2025 reorganisation, CMEI's 28 January 2026 realignment, LPO's operation as EDF and the renaming of the Vehicle Technologies Office as Transportation Technologies. The names here follow DOE's pages of October 2026 and are not fixed | Not yet confirmed |
7. Glossary
- LCOS (levelized cost of storage)
- The total cost of owning and operating a storage asset divided by the energy it delivers. DOE's report states it in US dollars per kWh.
- GSL
- Grid Storage Launchpad. DOE's test and research facility for grid storage at PNNL. It is not a certification body.
- ARPA-E
- Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. The DOE agency that funds high-risk early-stage energy research with short, actively managed projects.
- EDF / LPO
- The Office of Energy Dominance Financing, the name under which DOE's Loan Programs Office now operates. It holds LPO's authorities and appropriations.
- CMEI
- The Office of Critical Minerals and Energy Innovation, formed in November 2025 from the former EERE and other offices.
- Congressional Justification
- The budget explanation DOE submits to Congress. A "request" in it is not an amount Congress has approved.
- Prohibited foreign entity (PFE)
- A category of foreign entity in the U.S. tax-credit law. Material assistance from such an entity can make storage ineligible for the credit. Treasury and the IRS set out how to calculate it.
8. References
- DOE Our Leadership & Offices (Secretary and Deputy Secretary; office hierarchy; the Under Secretary for Science oversees 13 of the 17 national laboratories). https://www.energy.gov/our-leadership-offices
- DOE Energy Department Announces Organizational Realignment to Strengthen Efficiency and Unleash American Energy (20 November 2025). https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-organizational-realignment-strengthen-efficiency-and-unleash
- DOE (CMEI) Energy Department Announces Realignment of Critical Minerals and Energy Innovation Programs (28 January 2026; three pillars). https://www.energy.gov/cmei/articles/energy-department-announces-realignment-critical-minerals-and-energy-innovation
- DOE (CMEI) Office of Critical Minerals and Energy Innovation (divisions; Deputy Assistant Secretary for National Battery Strategy). https://www.energy.gov/cmei/office-critical-minerals-and-energy-innovation
- DOE (OE) Energy Storage (role of the Energy Storage Division; key programs; ESGC; Long-Duration Storage Shot). https://www.energy.gov/oe/energy-storage
- DOE (OE) Electricity FY 2027 Congressional Justification (four Energy Storage areas; budget table; GSL description). https://www.energy.gov/documents/doe-fy-2027-volume-3-oe
- DOE (OE) Grid Storage Launchpad (timeline; August 2024 opening; scope of testing). https://www.energy.gov/oe/grid-storage-launchpad
- DOE (OE) Storage Innovations 2030 (purpose of SI 2030; technology strategy assessments of 19 July 2023; ten technologies). https://www.energy.gov/oe/storage-innovations-2030
- DOE Achieving the Promise of Low-Cost Long Duration Energy Storage (August 2024; Storage Shot target, baseline, LCOS and findings). https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-08/Achieving%20the%20Promise%20of%20Low-Cost%20Long%20Duration%20Energy%20Storage_FINAL_08052024.pdf
- DOE (OE) Long Duration Storage Shot Summit (summit of 23 September 2021; the 90% cost-reduction goal). https://www.energy.gov/oe/long-duration-storage-shot-summit
- DOE Energy Storage Grand Challenge (overview; Decadal Challenge). https://www.energy.gov/energy-storage-grand-challenge/energy-storage-grand-challenge
- DOE (CMEI) Critical Minerals and Energy Innovation FY 2027 Congressional Justification (Transportation Technologies budget table, formerly Vehicle Technologies; battery research direction). https://www.energy.gov/documents/doe-fy-2027-volume-2-cmei
- DOE (TTO) Batteries, Charging, and Electric Vehicles (EV battery pack cost and charging-time goals). https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/batteries-charging-and-electric-vehicles
- DOE (MDO) Manufacturing Deployment Office (more than 375 projects; fields covered). https://www.energy.gov/cmei/manufacturing/manufacturing-deployment-office-mdo
- ARPA-E ARPA-E at a Glance (funding and project totals since 2009; award approach). https://arpa-e.energy.gov/about/arpa-e-at-a-glance
- ARPA-E DAYS (May 2018 funding announcement; 10 to about 100 hours; 11 projects; performers). https://arpa-e.energy.gov/programs-and-initiatives/view-all-programs/days
- ARPA-E JOULES-1K (October 2023; 1,000 Wh/kg and 1,000 Wh/L class; 13 projects; the US$30 million announcement of 22 January 2026). https://arpa-e.energy.gov/programs-and-initiatives/view-all-programs/joules-1k
- DOE (EDF) Office of Energy Dominance Financing (LPO operating as EDF with its authorities and appropriations; types of financing; director). https://www.energy.gov/edf
- DOE (EDF) Energy Dominance Financing Program (Section 1706; example project areas including storage and new manufacturing facilities). https://www.energy.gov/edf/energy-dominance-financing-program
- DOE (EDF) DOE's Office of Energy Dominance Financing Closes Loan to Strengthen Puerto Rico's Grid (5 August 2026; US$489.4 million; 220 MW of batteries). https://www.energy.gov/edf/articles/does-office-energy-dominance-financing-closes-loan-strengthen-puerto-ricos-grid
- DOE (EDF) EDF Projects (project list, updated 5 October 2026; the list itself is an embedded display). https://www.energy.gov/edf/edf-projects
- DOE FY 2025 Agency Financial Report (about 15 thousand federal employees; 100 thousand+ contractors; 17 national laboratories). https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/fy-2025-doe-agency-financial-report.pdf
- DOE History (existence since 1977). https://www.energy.gov/lm/history
- Treasury / IRS Treasury, IRS provide guidance for certain energy tax credits regarding material assistance provided by prohibited foreign entities (IR-2026-23, 12 February 2026; Notice 2026-15). https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/treasury-irs-provide-guidance-for-certain-energy-tax-credits-regarding-material-assistance-provided-by-prohibited-foreign-entities-under-the-one-big-beautiful-bill
9. Claim-to-source audit
| Claim in the text | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Full name; Secretary and Deputy Secretary; the Under Secretary for Science's oversight of 13 of 17 national laboratories | Sourced | Reference 1 https://www.energy.gov/our-leadership-offices |
| Establishment (1977) | Sourced | Reference 23 https://www.energy.gov/lm/history |
| About 15,000 federal employees, 100,000+ contractors, 17 national laboratories | Sourced | Reference 22 https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/fy-2025-doe-agency-financial-report.pdf |
| The 20 November 2025 reorganisation, CMEI's 28 January 2026 realignment, unit structure, National Battery Strategy post | Sourced | Reference 2 https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-organizational-realignment-strengthen-efficiency-and-unleash Reference 3 https://www.energy.gov/cmei/articles/energy-department-announces-realignment-critical-minerals-and-energy-innovation Reference 4 https://www.energy.gov/cmei/office-critical-minerals-and-energy-innovation |
| Role of OE's Energy Storage Division, key programs, ESGC, description of the Storage Shot | Sourced | Reference 5 https://www.energy.gov/oe/energy-storage |
| OE's four storage areas, budget table (FY 2025-2027), support for safety standards development, priority uses, GSL operations | Sourced | Reference 6 https://www.energy.gov/documents/doe-fy-2027-volume-3-oe |
| GSL history (selected August 2019, groundbreaking April 2022, opened August 2024) and testing scope | Sourced | Reference 7 https://www.energy.gov/oe/grid-storage-launchpad |
| SI 2030, the 19 July 2023 technology strategy assessments, ten technologies | Sourced | Reference 8 https://www.energy.gov/oe/storage-innovations-2030 |
| Storage Shot target (2021; 10+ hours; 90% by 2030; 2020 lithium-ion baseline; LCOS of US$0.05/kWh or less) and the overview report's findings | Sourced | Reference 9 https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-08/Achieving%20the%20Promise%20of%20Low-Cost%20Long%20Duration%20Energy%20Storage_FINAL_08052024.pdf Reference 10 https://www.energy.gov/oe/long-duration-storage-shot-summit |
| ESGC overview and the Decadal Challenge | Sourced | Reference 11 https://www.energy.gov/energy-storage-grand-challenge/energy-storage-grand-challenge |
| Transportation Technologies (formerly Vehicle Technologies) budget table and battery research direction | Sourced | Reference 12 https://www.energy.gov/documents/doe-fy-2027-volume-2-cmei |
| EV battery pack goals (below US$75/kWh, 300+ miles, charging under 15 minutes) | Sourced | Reference 13 https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/batteries-charging-and-electric-vehicles |
| MDO: more than 375 projects and fields covered | Sourced | Reference 14 https://www.energy.gov/cmei/manufacturing/manufacturing-deployment-office-mdo |
| ARPA-E totals (US$4.29 billion, 1,750+ projects) | Sourced | Reference 15 https://arpa-e.energy.gov/about/arpa-e-at-a-glance |
| DAYS (May 2018, up to US$30 million, 10 to about 100 hours, 11 projects, performers) | Sourced | Reference 16 https://arpa-e.energy.gov/programs-and-initiatives/view-all-programs/days |
| JOULES-1K (October 2023, 13 projects, uses) and the US$30 million announcement of 22 January 2026 | Sourced | Reference 17 https://arpa-e.energy.gov/programs-and-initiatives/view-all-programs/joules-1k |
| LPO operating as EDF, the director, Section 1706 example areas including storage and new manufacturing facilities | Sourced | Reference 18 https://www.energy.gov/edf Reference 19 https://www.energy.gov/edf/energy-dominance-financing-program |
| Pattern Energy / Puerto Rico loan (5 August 2026, US$489.4 million, 220 MW) | Sourced | Reference 20 https://www.energy.gov/edf/articles/does-office-energy-dominance-financing-closes-loan-strengthen-puerto-ricos-grid |
| EDF project list: 12 projects, 15 locations, US$59.912 billion total, no storage or battery-manufacturing category | Sourced | Reference 21 https://www.energy.gov/edf/edf-projects |
| Storage investment tax credit (Section 48E), the prohibited-foreign-entity rule for storage begun after 31 December 2025, Notice 2026-15 | Sourced | Reference 24 https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/treasury-irs-provide-guidance-for-certain-energy-tax-credits-regarding-material-assistance-provided-by-prohibited-foreign-entities-under-the-one-big-beautiful-bill |
| Division of roles: FERC for markets, NFPA / UL Solutions / IEC for standards, states and localities | Our calculation | Our own summary; see this series' profiles of the other institutions |
| Classification into four types of institution | Our calculation | Our own classification |
| DOE's total spending on storage; storage-specific headcount | Not yet confirmed | Not given in the sources (our note). We do not estimate it |
| Whether Congress has enacted the FY 2027 request; the current status of earlier EDF projects such as battery manufacturing | Not yet confirmed | Could not be confirmed (our note). We do not estimate it |
| The Chapter 6 outlook (shift of emphasis; place of storage in loans) | Inference | Our interpretation of the statements in References 5, 6, 19 and 21 |
Last updated: 10 October 2026 / Troy Technical
The figures in this article come from the official websites and published documents of DOE, ARPA-E, and Treasury/IRS. Passages marked "Inference" are our own interpretation of the primary sources.