COMPANY PROFILE / OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS & PHOTONICS
Cisco Systems
A router company using Acacia's optics to win the links between data centres
Cisco is one of the world's largest networking equipment makers, and it is not an optical specialist. It still cannot be left out of this field, because the coherent pluggable optics of Acacia, which it acquired in 2021, are growing fast on demand for linking data centres to one another for AI. On its results call for the year to July 2026, the company said Acacia had taken more than US$1 billion in orders in each of two consecutive quarters, and that about 40% of the US$9.3 billion in AI infrastructure orders from hyperscalers was for optics. This profile keeps the company as a whole to a single table and, using only statutory filings with the U.S. SEC and official investor materials, sets out what Cisco's optics business consists of and what it does not disclose.
- Cisco in 30 seconds, and where it stands in optical communications and photonics
- The logo and how the name is written
- Where the company sits in optical communications and photonics
- Scale (the company as a whole, in brief)
- Resources committed to optical communications and photonics
- What it has done so far
- What comes next
- What the company is aiming for in optical communications and photonics
- Map of partnerships in optical communications and photonics
- Technologies, products and services
- The risks this company carries
- Glossary, references and claim-to-source audit
1. Cisco in 30 seconds, and where it stands in optical communications and photonics
California, U.S.170 West Tasman Drive
(makes its own optics too)Owns coherent pluggable optics through Acacia
long-haul networksPlus 800G / 1.6T optical modules inside the data centre
a quarterIn both February to April and May to July 2026 (as the company describes)
This series sorts companies in optical communications and photonics into three types: optical components & modules, chips & foundries, and network systems & carriers. Cisco is a network systems maker, but it does not simply buy its optical parts in. In 2021 it acquired Acacia Communications, and its 10-K presents "Acacia Optics" as part of its Networking portfolio Sourced. According to the 10-K, Acacia's high-speed coherent optical interconnect technologies support "the shift from chassis-based systems to pluggable coherent optics". In other words, Cisco owns both the chips (Silicon One) inside its routers and switches and the optical modules (Acacia) that plug into them, which makes it one of the few companies able to sell long-distance links between data centres as a complete package.
2. The logo and how the name is written
The Cisco logo is a trademark of the company. We have not recreated it with generated imagery;
the logo image (SVG) used in the header of the official website (cisco.com) is placed here as img/cisco_logo.svg.
A note on names: the legal entity is Cisco Systems, Inc., usually called simply Cisco. Acacia, the core of its optics business, was originally an independent listed company based in Massachusetts (Acacia Communications, Inc.) and was already a Cisco supplier before the acquisition. It is now part of Cisco, and no separate results are disclosed for it.
Official site: https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/about/corporate-development/acquisitions/acacia/index.html3. Where the company sits in optical communications and photonics
In terms of where it works with light, the heart of Cisco's optics business is links between data centres (DCI) and carriers' long-haul networks Sourced. When it acquired Acacia, Cisco described the target markets as "datacenter, metro, regional, long-haul, and undersea networks", with reach running from very short distances (500 m, 2 km and 10 km) to WAN, metro and long haul. Since the start of 2026, demand has surged for "scale-across", running AI GPUs across several data centres, which the company says drives a roughly 14-fold increase in data centre interconnect bandwidth and raises the number of coherent ports needed from 1,000 to 2,000 to between 12,000 and 32,000. It also sells optical modules for use inside the data centre, such as 800G LPO and 1.6T OSFP. The technologies covered in our explainers on coherent optical communication and DSPs and on NPO and LPO are at the heart of its optics business.
| Aspect | Where Cisco stands | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Type | Network systems maker. Makes its own optical modules (Acacia) and switch silicon (Silicon One) | Sourced |
| Where it works with light (main) | Links between data centres (DCI, scale-across); carriers' metro, long-haul and undersea networks | Sourced |
| Where it works with light (secondary) | Optical modules connecting switches and servers inside the data centre (800G LPO, 1.6T OSFP) | Sourced |
| Optical transport systems | Open line systems (NCS 1010, NCS 1014, Open Transport 3000) | Sourced |
| CPO (co-packaged optics) | No CPO product appears in the 10-K, investor materials or releases we checked | Not confirmed |
4. Scale (the company as a whole, in brief)
The networking business as a whole is not the subject here, so it gets a single table Sourced.
| Measure (US$ million) | FY2024 (year to July 2024) | FY2025 (year to July 2025) | FY2026 (year to July 2026) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | 53,803 | 56,654 | 63,325 |
| of which Networking products (includes optics) | 29,229 | 28,304 | 34,668 |
| R&D expense | 7,983 | 9,300 | 9,563 |
| Employees (year end) | - | - | About 82,400 |
The figures above are for the company as a whole. Cisco does not break out revenue from optical products Not yet confirmed. Optical modules and optical transport systems sit in the Networking category alongside switches, routers, wireless and servers. The 10-K says Networking revenue rose 22% (US$6.4 billion) in FY2026, "primarily driven by our AI Infrastructure solutions, which include Cisco Silicon One based systems and optics", but it does not say how much of that came from optics.
5. Resources committed to optical communications and photonics
Headcount and investment for the optics business alone are not published. The 10-K and investor materials do, however, show quite concretely where resources are being directed.
| Type of resource | What it is | Category |
|---|---|---|
| People (dedicated organisation and staff) | The core of the optics business is Acacia (a Massachusetts company at the time of the acquisition). Current headcount in the optics business is not disclosed. The company as a whole has about 82,400 employees | Sourced / optics headcount not disclosed |
| Money (R&D spending and investment) | Company-wide R&D expense was US$9,563 million in FY2026. The 10-K says the company commits "significant resources, including investments in strategic priorities such as silicon (Cisco Silicon One) and optics". In May 2026 it announced a restructuring plan to invest in "silicon, optics, security and AI", with pre-tax charges of up to US$1 billion (US$511 million booked in FY2026). No figure for optics alone is given | Sourced / optics spending not disclosed |
| Outside investments, acquisitions and joint ventures | Completed the acquisition of Acacia Communications in March 2021. The investor materials list it among the company's key acquisitions | Sourced |
| Universities, research institutes and public funding | No university research collaboration or public funding award (CHIPS Act or similar) for the optics business appears in the 10-K or investor materials we checked. The only university link we found is a patent suit by Ramot, the technology transfer company of Tel Aviv University | Not confirmed |
In the prepared remarks for FY2026, the CEO said the mix of the US$9.3 billion in AI infrastructure orders from hyperscalers "was approximately 60% Silicon One-based systems and 40% optics" Sourced. Multiplying the two gives optics orders of about US$3.7 billion Our calculation. Note, though, that these are orders, not revenue; the split is approximate; and optics here includes products other than Acacia's. Even so, it matters that the company itself says optics already accounts for around 40% of its hyperscaler AI business.
6. What it has done so far
| When | What happened | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Launches Silicon One (company history in the investor materials) | The foundation of its in-house networking silicon |
| March 2021 | Completes the acquisition of Acacia Communications. Cisco says the deal "reinforces our commitment to optics as one of the critical building blocks" of its strategy | Brought optical components in house, while pledging continuity for existing customers |
| 2019 and 2021 | Ramot, Tel Aviv University's technology transfer company, files patent infringement suits against Cisco and Acacia over optical transceiver modules and other products | Some proceedings still ongoing as of September 2026 |
| February 2026 | Announces the 102.4 Tbps Silicon One G300 and 800G LPO and 1.6T OSFP optical modules. Also promotes P200-based systems combined with 800G ZR/ZR+ coherent pluggable optics | New optical products both inside and between data centres |
| March 2026 | Presents new optical transport products (NCS 1014, the Open Transport 3000 multi-rail system), per an official blog cited in the investor materials | Strengthens its optical transport systems for links between data centres |
| Q3 FY2026 (February to April 2026) | Acacia's orders exceed US$1 billion, its "strongest quarter ever". Cumulative coherent pluggable shipments pass 750,000 units at 400G and 40,000 at 800G. Two hyperscaler design wins for Acacia optics (800G ZR+ and 100G ZR) | The shift to coherent pluggables shows up in orders |
| May 2026 | Announces a restructuring plan to redirect investment to silicon, optics, security and AI (up to US$1 billion) | A policy of allocating more resources to optics |
| Q4 FY2026 (May to July 2026) | Acacia's orders again exceed US$1 billion (for AI infrastructure). Cumulative shipments pass 850,000 units at 400G and 75,000 at 800G. One hyperscaler design win for its optical line system | The company calls it a strategic win that positions Cisco "as an alternative supplier to an incumbent competitor" |
7. What comes next
in FY2027About US$4 billion in FY2026. Total, including optics
in the next six monthsAugust 2026 prepared remarks
The August 2026 prepared remarks say the company has line of sight to multiple AI design wins over the next six months, across Silicon One (G300, G200 and P200) and optics Not yet confirmed. The 10-K also says the company has entered into additional purchase commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers to manufacture Silicon One and other products, and expects to continue doing so in FY2027.
None of the following appears in the 10-K, results materials or investor materials Not yet confirmed.
Revenue and margins for optical products; Acacia's standalone revenue; headcount and investment in the optics business; the names of the hyperscalers behind the design wins; the production sites and capacity for optical modules; and any plans for CPO products. Estimates of these appear in press coverage and research-firm reports, but this article does not use them.
8. What the company is aiming for in optical communications and photonics
This section goes beyond what the company says directly. It sets out inferences that can be drawn from primary sources, each with its basis.
| What can be read | Primary evidence behind it | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Optics is treated as one of three pillars, alongside software and silicon | The Acacia acquisition page states that "software, silicon and optics are foundational technologies" for its strategy. The 2026 restructuring also names optics as an investment priority | Sourced |
| The main target is links between AI data centres (scale-across) | The investor materials describe Cisco as one of "few" providers able to deliver Silicon One P200 systems, coherent pluggables and open line systems together, and point to an order-of-magnitude increase in coherent ports | Inference |
| It is also actively pursuing sales of optical modules on their own, without its systems | At the Acacia acquisition it promised to offer solutions "whether that means discrete components or fully integrated solutions". The Q4 FY2026 design win lets Cisco's coherent optics be used in other vendors' equipment | Inference |
| It aims to take share from established players in the optical transport market | The prepared remarks call the optical win strategic because it positions Cisco "as an alternative supplier to an incumbent competitor" (the competitor is not named) | Inference |
| Inside the data centre, it is pushing lower-power pluggables (LPO) ahead of CPO | The February 2026 announcement covered 800G LPO (50% lower module power) and 1.6T OSFP, and did not mention CPO | Inference |
In the August 2026 prepared remarks, the CEO described one of the hyperscaler design wins in Q4 as being "for a Managed Optical Fiber Network". It "leverages our line system technology and enables the use of our Digital Coherent Optics directly in third-party equipment" Sourced. The company says the win "is strategic as it positions Cisco as an alternative supplier to an incumbent competitor and has the potential to disrupt traditional delivery of managed optical fiber networks". We read a router maker selling its optical modules into equipment beyond its own as a sign that it intends to grow optical modules as a business in their own right Not yet confirmed. Neither the hyperscaler nor the "incumbent competitor" being displaced has been named, however.
9. Map of partnerships in optical communications and photonics
10. Technologies, products and services
All figures are the company's own and are not third-party measurements. We found no material expressing power consumption per bit (pJ/bit).
| Product or technology | What it does | Main figures the company gives | Stage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acacia coherent pluggable optics | Pluggable modules that encode signals on the phase and polarisation of light, for links between data centres and for metro and long-haul networks | 400G ZR/ZR+, 800G ZR/ZR+, 100ZR (QSFP28). Cumulative shipments of more than 850,000 units at 400G and more than 75,000 at 800G (as of August 2026) | In volume production and shipping |
| 800G LPO | Pluggable optical module without a DSP (retimer), for use inside the data centre | The company claims module power 50% lower than retimed modules, and 30% lower power for the switch overall | Announced February 2026; "will ship this year" |
| 1.6T OSFP | Pluggable optical module for AI scale-out | 1.6 Tbps per port. Switch-to-NIC and switch-to-server links | Announced February 2026; "will ship this year" |
| NCS 1014 | Optical transport system (multihaul) | 12.8T on a 1RU line card, 32 OSFP ports, 800ZR/ZR+ WDM trunks | Shown in the investor materials |
| Open Transport 3000 | A "multi-rail" open line system that handles several fibre pairs in parallel on one card | The company claims 75% lower power and 80% less rack space per rail (official blog cited in the investor materials) | "Coming soon" |
| Silicon One P200 / G300 | Switch and router chips into which optical modules are plugged (not optical components) | P200: 51.2T. G300: 102.4T | P200 already has design wins; G300 due to ship in 2026 |
Cisco's description at the time of the Acacia acquisition notes that Acacia calls its own approach the "siliconization of optical interconnect" Sourced. The idea is to build the functions needed to send and receive light onto a silicon-based platform, raising speed and density while cutting power. The coherent approach needs both a DSP (electronic circuit) for signal processing and a photonic circuit to modulate and receive light, and fitting both into a small pluggable module depends on being able to make the electronics and the optics alike with silicon-based processes.
From a materials standpoint, a coherent pluggable module is a part in which a heat source (the DSP) and a temperature-sensitive photonic circuit share a small housing. As speeds rise to 800G, the thermal stability of the heat-dissipation materials in the housing, the encapsulation of the photonic circuit and the adhesives that hold the fibre in place increasingly decides reliability Not yet confirmed. With cumulative shipments now in the hundreds of thousands, Acacia's products have reached the stage of being judged as volume-production parts rather than research results. For more, see our explainers on coherent optical communication and DSPs and on silicon photonics.
11. The risks this company carries
| Risk | Substance | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Optics business invisible from outside | Revenue, margins, headcount and investment for optical products are all undisclosed. Its strength can be checked only through the company's own commentary (orders, cumulative shipments) | Sourced |
| Concentration on hyperscalers | The company says AI infrastructure growth is driven by four of the top hyperscalers. The 10-K lists swings in capital spending by carriers and the cloud industry as a business risk | Sourced |
| Keeping up with technology change | The 10-K warns that if it fails to keep pace with "evolving semiconductor and optical design and manufacturing technologies", competitors, some of which may also be its strategic alliance partners, could get there first | Sourced |
| Swelling inventory and purchase commitments | Inventory rose to US$5.7 billion (from US$3.2 billion a year earlier) and purchase commitments have grown. The 10-K states that a sharp fall in demand could lead to write-downs | Sourced |
| Patent litigation | Ramot (Tel Aviv University's technology transfer company) alleges that optical transceiver modules and other products of Cisco and Acacia infringe its patents. Some proceedings continue on appeal | Sourced |
| Shift in approach inside the data centre | If the data centre moves to non-pluggable approaches such as CPO, the weight of pluggable optical modules could fall. Cisco's public materials mention no CPO product | Inference |
12. Glossary
- Coherent optical communication
- A method that carries information not only in the intensity of light but also in its phase and polarisation. Suited to long distances and high capacity; a DSP on the receiving side reconstructs the signal.
- ZR / ZR+
- Names for specifications of pluggable coherent optical modules used, for example, to link data centres. ZR+ supports longer distances.
- DCI
- Data Center Interconnect. Optical links between data centres.
- Scale-across
- Running AI GPUs across several data centres, at a scale that no longer fits in one. Cisco's term.
- LPO
- Linear Pluggable Optics. Pluggable optical modules without a signal-conditioning DSP, which consume less power.
- OSFP
- Octal Small Form-factor Pluggable. One of the form-factor standards for high-speed pluggable optical modules.
- Open line system
- Fibre-side equipment such as optical amplifiers and wavelength multiplexers built so that it can be combined with optical modules from other vendors.
- Form 10-K
- The annual report a U.S.-listed company files with the SEC. It is audited and carries legal liability for its contents.
13. References
- Cisco Systems, Inc. Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 25, 2026 (filed with the U.S. SEC on 2 September 2026). Acacia Optics, 800G optics, routed optical networking, revenue, the Networking category, R&D expense, headcount, restructuring, inventory and purchase commitments, risk factors, and the Ramot litigation. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000132/csco-20260725.htm
- Cisco Systems, Inc. Form 8-K, Exhibit 99.1, "CISCO REPORTS FOURTH QUARTER AND FISCAL YEAR 2026 EARNINGS" (12 August 2026). US$9.3 billion in AI infrastructure orders; US$7.5 billion in AI revenue expected in FY2027. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000106/exhibit991pressrelease-q4f.htm
- Cisco Systems, Inc. Form 8-K, Exhibit 99.1, "CISCO REPORTS THIRD QUARTER EARNINGS" (13 May 2026). The restructuring plan (investment in silicon, optics, security and AI; up to US$1 billion). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000075/exhibit991pressrelease-q3f.htm
- Cisco Systems, Inc. Q3 FY2026 earnings slides (13 May 2026). Acacia orders over US$1 billion, cumulative shipments (over 750,000 at 400G, over 40,000 at 800G), two design wins for Acacia optics. https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/doc_financials/2026/q3/Q3FY26-Earnings-Slides.pdf
- Cisco Systems, Inc. Q4 FY2026 earnings slides (12 August 2026). Four of the top hyperscalers, the optical line system design win, scale-across port counts, Acacia orders and cumulative shipments. https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/doc_earnings/2026/q4/presentation/Q4FY26-Cisco-Earnings-Slides.pdf
- Cisco Systems, Inc. Q4 FY2026 Prepared Remarks (12 August 2026). Mix of AI orders (about 60% systems, about 40% optics), Acacia orders, the Managed Optical Fiber Network win, expected design wins. https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/doc_earnings/2026/q4/transcript/Q4FY26-Prepared-Remarks.pdf
- Cisco Systems, Inc. News release, "Cisco Announces New Silicon One G300, Advanced Systems and Optics to Power and Scale AI Data Centers for the Agentic Era" (10 February 2026). 800G LPO, 1.6T OSFP, 800G ZR/ZR+, shipping timing, strategic technology partners. https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/doc_news/Cisco-Announces-New-Silicon-One-G300-Advanced-Systems-and-Optics-to-Power-and-Scale-AI-Data-Centers-for-the-Agentic-Era-2026.pdf
- Cisco Systems, Inc. Investor Relations Deck (23 September 2026 edition). Company history (Silicon One in 2019, Acacia acquisition in 2021), NCS 1014, Open Transport 3000, 800G LPO / 1.6T OSFP, Secure AI Factory with NVIDIA. https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/content_files/2026/Sep/Cisco-Investor-Relations-Deck-9-23-2026.pdf
- Cisco Systems, Inc. "Cisco Completes Acquisition of Acacia Communications, Inc." (acquisition page; completion announced 1 March 2021). Acacia's business, the rationale for the deal, the "siliconization of optical interconnect" and the reach covered. https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/about/corporate-development/acquisitions/acacia/index.html
14. Claim-to-source audit
| Claim in the article | Category | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Legal name, incorporation, head office address, listing venue | Sourced | Reference 1 https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000132/csco-20260725.htm |
| Revenue, the Networking category and R&D expense (FY2024 to FY2026); about 82,400 employees | Sourced | Reference 1 https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000132/csco-20260725.htm |
| Acacia Optics is part of the Networking portfolio and supports the shift from chassis-based systems to pluggable coherent optics | Sourced | Reference 1 https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000132/csco-20260725.htm |
| Networking growth driven mainly by Silicon One-based systems and optics; significant resources committed to optics; the risk of failing to keep pace with technology change | Sourced | Reference 1 https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000132/csco-20260725.htm |
| Restructuring plan (up to US$1 billion; US$511 million in FY2026) | Sourced | References 1 and 3 https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000075/exhibit991pressrelease-q3f.htm |
| Inventory of US$5.7 billion, growth in purchase commitments and the possibility of write-downs | Sourced | Reference 1 https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000132/csco-20260725.htm |
| Patent litigation with Ramot | Sourced | Reference 1 https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000132/csco-20260725.htm |
| US$9.3 billion in AI infrastructure orders, about US$4 billion in AI revenue (FY2026) and US$7.5 billion expected (FY2027) | Sourced | Reference 2 https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000106/exhibit991pressrelease-q4f.htm |
| Acacia orders over US$1 billion in Q3 FY2026, cumulative shipments (over 750,000 at 400G, over 40,000 at 800G), two design wins for Acacia optics | Sourced | Reference 4 https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/doc_financials/2026/q3/Q3FY26-Earnings-Slides.pdf |
| Acacia orders over US$1 billion in Q4 FY2026, cumulative shipments (over 850,000 at 400G, over 75,000 at 800G), four of the top hyperscalers, scale-across port counts | Sourced | References 5 and 6 https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/doc_earnings/2026/q4/presentation/Q4FY26-Cisco-Earnings-Slides.pdf |
| Mix of AI orders (about 60% systems, about 40% optics), the Managed Optical Fiber Network win, design wins expected over the next six months | Sourced | Reference 6 https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/doc_earnings/2026/q4/transcript/Q4FY26-Prepared-Remarks.pdf |
| Estimate of about US$3.7 billion in optics orders | Our calculation | Calculated in this article as US$9.3 billion × about 40% from reference 6. An orders figure, not revenue https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/doc_earnings/2026/q4/transcript/Q4FY26-Prepared-Remarks.pdf |
| 800G LPO (50% lower module power, 30% lower switch power), 1.6T OSFP, 800G ZR/ZR+, shipping in 2026, strategic technology partners | Sourced | Reference 7 https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/doc_news/Cisco-Announces-New-Silicon-One-G300-Advanced-Systems-and-Optics-to-Power-and-Scale-AI-Data-Centers-for-the-Agentic-Era-2026.pdf |
| Company history (Silicon One in 2019, Acacia acquisition in 2021), NCS 1014, Open Transport 3000, Secure AI Factory with NVIDIA | Sourced | Reference 8 https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/content_files/2026/Sep/Cisco-Investor-Relations-Deck-9-23-2026.pdf |
| Completion of the Acacia acquisition (1 March 2021), Acacia's business, the rationale, the "siliconization of optical interconnect", the reach covered | Sourced | Reference 9 https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/about/corporate-development/acquisitions/acacia/index.html |
| The three types of company in optical communications and photonics | Our calculation | Our own classification. Companies shown are examples from those covered in this series |
| Optics revenue and margins, Acacia's standalone revenue, optics headcount and investment, customer names, production sites and capacity, CPO plans | Not yet confirmed | Not in references 1 to 9. Press and research-firm estimates are not used https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000132/csco-20260725.htm |
| University research collaboration and public funding for the optics business | Not yet confirmed | Not in references 1 and 8. This article does not conclude that none exists https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/858877/000085887726000132/csco-20260725.htm |
| Design wins expected over the next six months; AI revenue expected in FY2027 | Not yet confirmed | The company's outlook, not actual results https://s21.q4cdn.com/812015656/files/doc_earnings/2026/q4/transcript/Q4FY26-Prepared-Remarks.pdf |
| The reading that the main target is links between data centres (scale-across) | Inference | This article's interpretation of references 5 and 8 |
| The reading that it will sell optical modules without its systems and aims to take share from established players | Inference | This article's interpretation of references 6 and 9 |
| The reading that it is pushing LPO ahead of CPO inside the data centre, and the risk of a shift to CPO | Inference | This article's interpretation of the absence of CPO from reference 7 |
| The view on heat and materials in coherent pluggable modules | Inference | This article's commentary based on reference 9 |
Last updated 26 September 2026 / Troy Technical
Every figure in this article comes from statutory filings Cisco Systems, Inc. has made with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and from its investor materials and official releases. No research-firm estimates or press-based figures have been used. Passages marked "Inference" are this article's interpretation of primary sources, not statements made by the company.