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Composite Metal Foam: Impact Energy Absorption vs Steel and Aluminum

Thomasnet USA
Overview
Engineers at North Carolina State University have demonstrated that Composite Metal Foam (CMF) significantly reduces vehicle deceleration and head-injury risk during high-speed frontal collisions. Computational simulations show that CMF rails can reduce maximum deceleration by up to 84% compared to conventional rectangular rails. This lightweight material offers a path to increasing occupant safety without adding vehicle weight.
In Depth

Key Findings

Composite Metal Foam (CMF) significantly outperforms conventional rail materials in absorbing crash energy during 55 mph frontal collisions. When compared to a double-octagonal rail of equal length and weight, CMF reduces maximum vehicle deceleration by approximately 38%, while reducing overall crash severity and the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) by about 45%. The performance gap is more pronounced against conventional rectangular rails, where CMF reduces maximum deceleration by about 84%, crash severity by approximately 94%, and HIC by about 83%.

Technical Details

CMF is a lightweight material composed of hollow metal or alloy spheres embedded within a metallic matrix. This internal structure allows the material to progressively absorb compressive forces during an impact. Unlike traditional materials that may transmit the load rapidly through the vehicle structure, CMF deforms in a controlled manner to manage enormous impact forces and slow the rate of deceleration.

Background and Context

Current vehicle bumper systems and front rails are designed to deform progressively to protect the passenger compartment. Most manufacturers currently utilize either rectangular steel rails or double-octagonal aluminum rails. However, the energy-absorbing capacity of these conventional materials is limited, which can lead to rapid vehicle deceleration and increased risk of injury to occupants during high-speed collisions.

Significance and Outlook

The research led by Dr. Afsaneh Rabiei suggests that CMF rails can match the length and weight of conventional rails while absorbing far more energy. By reducing the severity of the impact and the predicted risk of head injuries, CMF provides a technical solution for increasing occupant and vehicle safety in high-speed frontal collisions without the penalty of added vehicle weight.

Source: https://www.thomasnet.com/insights/can-lightweight-metal-foam-make-car-crashes-safer/

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