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INSTITUTION PROFILE / QUANTUM COMPUTING

European Commission
The EU's quantum policymaker: it proposes, funds, and keeps the export-control list

The European Commission is the executive arm of the European Union (EU). It does not build quantum computers. Its job is to draw up quantum strategy, steer funding and infrastructure programmes, update the list of export-controlled items, and propose new laws. But laws are adopted by the European Parliament and the Council, and it is the Member States that put them into practice. This profile sets out what the Commission can and cannot decide on quantum computing, and keeps binding rules clearly apart from non-binding ones. Everything here was checked on 16 October 2026.

Sources: the Commission's quantum policy page, the Quantum Europe Strategy (COM(2025) 363), regulations and a recommendation in the Official Journal of the EU, the European Parliament's Legislative Train, and the Commission's staff statistics. Last updated 16 October 2026.

Research support, infrastructure and policy proposals are distinct roles. Proposing legislation is distinct from adoption and implementation.
Conceptual illustration generated with ImageGen. Research support, infrastructure and policy proposals are distinct roles. Proposing legislation is distinct from adoption and implementation. Not an actual product, facility, dimensional specification or measurement. Distinguish enlarged models from full-scale scenes.
In this article
  1. The European Commission in 30 seconds
  2. What kind of institution? Four types of influence
  3. What it does for quantum computing
  4. How far its influence reaches (powers and geography)
  5. Who is involved, and how the money flows
  6. Outlook
  7. Glossary / References / Claim-to-source audit

1. The European Commission in 30 seconds

LEGAL NAMEEuropean CommissionThe executive body of the EU, based in Brussels (Belgium)
COUNTRY / REGIONEuropean Union
27 Member StatesThe Council, which co-adopts laws, is made up of representatives of the 27 EU countries
TYPE OF BODYEU executive
(proposes policy)Laws are adopted by Parliament and Council. The Commission submits the draft
QUANTUM LEADExecutive Vice-President for Tech Sovereignty, Security and DemocracyHenna Virkkunen. The department in charge is DG CONNECT (checked October 2026)
STAFF33,071 peopleAs of 1 January 2026, across all policy areas. We could not find the number working on quantum
QUANTUM FUNDINGFlagship: about EUR 1 billion expectedStarted in 2018. We could not find one total figure for all EU quantum spending from the Commission
ROLE IN QUANTUM COMPUTINGStrategy, funding frameworks, export-control list, legislative proposalsIt is not a body that sets technical standards or certifications for quantum computers
REACHThe EU, plus companies exporting from the EUExport controls cover items leaving or transiting the EU
The one thing to grasp first

The Commission's quantum documents are a mix of binding and non-binding ones. The Quantum Europe Strategy of July 2025 is a policy paper (a "Communication") addressed to the Parliament and the Council. It sets goals and an action plan, and it does not oblige companies or Member States to do anything Sourced. What does bind are a delegated regulation that added quantum computers to the export-control list (in force since 15 November 2025) and a Council regulation that added quantum technologies to the remit of the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking (in force since 20 January 2026) Sourced. The "Quantum Act" that the strategy announced had not been confirmed as a formal Commission proposal as of 16 October 2026 Not yet confirmed.

2. What kind of institution? Four types of influence

Unlike companies, the institutions that appear in quantum computing coverage do not sell quantum computers. Instead they can be sorted into four types by the route through which they influence the field. The Commission spans two of them: funding, and policy and regulation. Within regulation, though, it is the one that proposes laws and updates a list, not the one that decides laws.

Four types of institution that shape quantum computing Institutions do not sell quantum computers; they differ in how they influence the field Funding Policy & regulation Standards Convening Allocates R&D budgets Strategy, subsidies, law Test methods, crypto rules Joint-research hubs DOE / DARPA / EC EC / METI NIST / NSA RIKEN / AIST What to research What to build at home How to measure and compare Who teams up with whom Reach = own budget Reach = own territory Reach = member states Reach = participants The Commission is both a funder and a policymaker; Parliament and Council adopt the laws it proposes The same quantum computer is influenced very differently depending on the type of institution
Fig. 1 Four types of institution involved in quantum computing, and where the European Commission sits. The classification is our own, and the examples come from the institutions covered in this series (EC = European Commission) Our calculation. The Commission controls both funding frameworks (the Quantum Flagship and its contribution to the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking) and policy and regulation (strategy, the export-control list, legislative proposals), so two types are highlighted.

3. What it does for quantum computing

Plain-language primer: quantum computers and the terms in this article

An ordinary computer calculates with bits, each of which is either 0 or 1. A quantum computer calculates with quantum bits (qubits), which can be in a state that blends 0 and 1. But qubits are fragile, and machines need a way to correct their own errors (quantum error correction). Machines of a practical size are still to come. For more, see our explainers on the basics of quantum computing and on quantum error correction and the surface code. This article looks at how the Commission acts on the field through money (funding), equipment (infrastructure), export rules and draft laws.

The table below lists the Commission's quantum activities together with whether they are binding.

ActivityDate and statusWhat it doesBinding?
Quantum Europe Strategy
COM(2025) 363		Adopted 2 July 2025Five areas for action (research and innovation; infrastructure; industrial base; space and dual-use; skills). Aims to make Europe a global quantum leader by 2030. States that the EU invested nearly EUR 2 billion in quantum over five years, and Member States more than EUR 9 billionNo (policy paper)
Quantum Technologies FlagshipStarted 2018. The Commission page was last updated 22 May 2025A long-term research programme with about EUR 1 billion expected from the EU over 10 years. Supports four areas: quantum computing, simulation, communication, and sensing and metrology. Ramp-up phase (2018 to 2022): EUR 152 million and 24 projects. Current phase: over EUR 400 million and more than 20 projectsFunding (for selected projects)
Quantum computers bought through EuroHPCSix sites chosen in October 2022. Six machines procured as of September 2025Placed at six sites (Czechia, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Poland) and linked to supercomputers. Total EUR 100 million, split equally between the EU and 17 countries. First machine: Poznan, Poland (June 2025). Second: "VLQ" in Ostrava, Czechia (September 2025). "Euro-Q-Exa" in Munich was inaugurated on 12 February 2026Funding and procurement
EuroHPC Regulation amended
Council Regulation (EU) 2026/150		Adopted 16 January 2026; in force 20 January 2026Widens the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking's mission from supercomputers to quantum technologies. Adds a quantum technologies pillar spanning research to industrialisation. The Union's contribution is capped at EUR 4,122.3 million overall, of which up to EUR 1,660 million from Horizon Europe (including EUR 160 million for quantum research and innovation)Yes (directly applicable in Member States)
Quantum chip pilot lines and a design facilityThe strategy planned six pilot lines for 2025 and a design facility for 2026Under the Chips Joint Undertaking (Chips JU), six "pilot lines" to move quantum chips from prototype toward manufacturing. EUR 40 to 50 million per line, from the EU and Member States combined. A quantum chips industrialisation roadmap and a European quantum standards roadmap are also planned for 2026Funding. Roadmaps are plans
Export-control list updated
Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/2003		Adopted 8 September 2025. Published 14 November, in force 15 November 2025Added quantum computers, qubit devices, cryogenic cooling equipment and more to the EU's dual-use (civil and military) list (see the table below). Individual licensing decisions are made by Member State authoritiesYes (applies to items leaving the EU)
Moving to post-quantum cryptography (PQC)
Recommendation (EU) 2024/1101		Recommendation 11 April 2024. Member States' roadmap 23 June 2025Encourages Member States to plan the replacement of cryptography in public administrations and critical infrastructure, in case future quantum computers can break today's codes. The roadmap says to start moving by the end of 2026, and to move critical infrastructure no later than the end of 2030The recommendation need not be followed. The roadmap was agreed by Member States
Quantum ActPlanned for Q2 (April to June) in the 2026 work programme. "Announced" on the Legislative Train as of 20 September 2026Aims to coordinate research and innovation, expand industrial capacity (including pilot lines and a design facility), and strengthen supply-chain resilience and governance. Indicative legal basis: Articles 173, 180 and 184 of the TreatyNot yet proposed, so none for now

Note: the Commission's quantum policy page was last updated on 23 June 2026. It still contains wording that reads as if a call for evidence on the Quantum Act is open (checked 16 October 2026).

Quantum-related items on the export-control list (version in force from 15 November 2025)

Export control means requiring a licence before items that could also serve military uses leave the EU. The question here is whether quantum computers could be used militarily. Item numbers and conditions are written in Annex I of the regulation in the Official Journal Sourced.

Item numberWhat it covers (plain terms)Main conditions
4A506.aQuantum computers themselves (gate-based and measurement-based; a note says quantum annealers are not covered)For 34 to under 100 qubits, a CNOT error of 10-4 or less; for 100 to under 200, 10-3 or less; and so on, with an error ceiling for each size band. At 2,000 qubits or more there is no error condition
4A506.b, cQubit devices and circuits, control components, and measurement equipment (those specially designed for the 4A506.a machines)A note says this includes superconducting, semiconductor and photonic qubit chips and surface ion-trap arrays
3A504Cryogenic cooling systemsSystems giving 600 microwatts or more of cooling at or below 0.1 kelvin for over 48 hours, or two-stage pulse-tube cryocoolers that hold below 4 kelvin and give 1.5 watts or more at 4.2 kelvin
3A501.b.13Low-noise parametric amplifiers for cryogenic use (quantum-limited amplifiers)Designed to operate below 1 kelvin, with a noise figure under 0.015 dB across 2 to 15 gigahertz, among other conditions
3A501.a.15CMOS integrated circuits that work at cryogenic temperaturesDesigned to operate at an ambient temperature of 4.5 kelvin or below
A materials engineer's view: a quantum computer is regulated as a set of parts

What stands out in this table is that the rules cover not only the finished machine but also parts inside it (qubit chips, cryogenic cooling, low-noise amplifiers, cryogenic ICs). For suppliers of materials and components, that means cryogenic parts or superconducting materials for quantum computers may, in some cases, first have to be checked against this list before export from the EU. The Quantum Europe Strategy also says the Commission will assess weak points in the supply chain, from rare materials to precision components, control electronics and software (results expected in 2026) Not yet confirmed.

4. How far its influence reaches (powers and geography)

AspectWhat the Commission hasWhat it does not have
LawThe power to propose laws (the Quantum Act). For export controls, the power to adopt delegated regulations that update the list (under Article 17 of Regulation 2021/821)The power to decide laws itself. Normally Parliament and Council adopt them on an equal footing. In some cases, such as the EuroHPC amendment, the Council alone adopts
FundingAllocating EU budget to the Quantum Flagship and others. Setting up co-funding through the EuroHPC and Chips Joint UndertakingsThe power to set Member States' own quantum budgets (the strategy says Member States put in more than EUR 9 billion on top of the EU's nearly EUR 2 billion, but each country decides its own)
Export controlUpdating the EU-wide list of items (Annex I)The power to decide individual licences (Member State authorities decide). The list also follows international agreements (such as the Wassenaar Arrangement) and Member State commitments
Standards and certificationA plan to publish a "European quantum standards roadmap" in 2026The power to set how quantum computers are benchmarked or certified (the strategy only says it will publish a standards roadmap)
Cryptography migrationA recommendation that urges Member States to plan the moveThe power to oblige private companies to migrate (a recommendation need not be followed)
GeographyThe 27 EU Member States. Companies exporting (or shipping in transit) listed itemsDirect influence on policy outside the EU. With countries such as the U.S. and Japan it works through cooperation frameworks (trade and technology councils, digital partnerships)
Scale33,071 staff (all areas). No single figure for total quantum computing spending could be foundA published count of staff working only on quantum (not found)
European Commission quantum documents: which ones bind? All of them are "EU quantum policy", but how binding they are depends on the type of document Quantum Europe Strategy (2 July 2025) No obligation: a policy paper with goals and actions Recommendation 2024/1101 (PQC migration) No obligation: urges Member States to plan Delegated Reg. 2025/2003 (export list) Binding in all Member States (in force 15 Nov 2025) Council Reg. 2026/150 (EuroHPC) Binding in all Member States (in force 20 Jan 2026) Quantum Act Not yet proposed (as of 20 Sep 2026)
Fig. 2 The Commission's quantum documents ranked by how binding they are. The ranking is our own. "No obligation" rests on the strategy describing itself as "not the destination, but an evolving framework", and on the recommendation being an instrument under Article 292 of the Treaty Our calculation.
A note on reading the numbers

The strategy's goal of about 100 error-corrected qubits per system by 2030 and thousands by 2035 is an EU target, not performance that has been achieved Not yet confirmed. Also, the qubit counts in the export-control list are "physical qubits" (raw qubits with no error correction), which are different from error-corrected "logical qubits". The list's own definitions draw this distinction Sourced.

5. Who is involved, and how the money flows

The Commission does not install quantum computers itself. It works through joint undertakings and similar frameworks. The diagram below shows only relationships stated on official pages.

What the European Commission uses to act on quantum It does not install quantum computers itself; it uses a strategy, joint undertakings, an export list and bills Member States (27) Implement; grant export licences European Commission Proposes, funds, updates list Parliament + Council Adopt laws; Quantum Act pending Strategy & guidance Not binding Quantum Europe Strategy Recommendation on PQC Joint PQC roadmap of the Member States Funding channels Allocates funds Quantum Flagship EuroHPC Joint Undertaking 6 quantum computers (EUR 100 million) Industrial facilities Allocates funds Chips Joint Undertaking 6 pilot lines for quantum chips Design facility (planned) Export-control list Binding Delegated Reg. 2025/2003 Adds quantum computers, cryogenic cooling and more to the list Reaches Member State governments (no duty to follow) Reaches EU research bodies; host sites in member countries Reaches Selected consortia Reaches Companies exporting from the EU Blue: channels for EU funding. Orange: the binding export list. Grey: not binding
Fig. 3 The tools of Commission quantum policy and whom they reach. Sources: the Quantum Europe Strategy, the EuroHPC amendment (Council Regulation 2026/150), Delegated Regulation 2025/2003 and the European Parliament's Legislative Train. No company names are shown, because none of the official pages we checked states a relationship with a specific company Our calculation.

The quantum lead is the Executive Vice-President for Technological Sovereignty, Security and Democracy. In a release of 26 May 2026, the Commission said she would meet the Top-level Advisory Board on Quantum Technologies the next day to discuss progress on the Quantum Europe Strategy, the Quantum Act, and the place of quantum in the next long-term EU budget (the multiannual financial framework) Sourced.

6. Outlook

What we can read from the recordPrimary evidenceStatus
The timing of the Quantum Act proposal is not fixedThe 2026 work programme pointed to Q2, but the Legislative Train still showed "Announced" on 20 September 2026. The Commission's 26 May release also calls it "forthcoming"Not yet confirmed
Even once proposed, Parliament and Council must negotiate before it becomes law, so it would apply laterThe Commission explains that under the usual procedure a law is made only when Parliament and Council agreeInference
The roadmaps the strategy plans for 2026 (quantum computing and simulation, quantum chips industrialisation, quantum standards, quantum communication, quantum sensing) and the design facilityThe strategy's action list. We could not confirm individually, from primary sources, whether they had been published by 16 October 2026Not yet confirmed
The export-control list will probably keep being updated as international and Member State agreements change, so the quantum entries could change tooThe recital of Delegated Regulation 2025/2003 says the list needs to be updated regularly. We did not check for amendments after the 2025 versionInference
For cryptography, end-2026 (start) and end-2030 (critical infrastructure) are milestones for Member States' plansCommission release of 23 June 2025 (roadmap by Member States and the NIS Cooperation Group)Not yet confirmed

7. Glossary

Council (of the EU)
The body made up of government representatives of the 27 Member States. It adopts laws alongside the European Parliament.
Communication
A policy paper the European Commission sends to the Parliament and the Council. It sets out direction and action plans but creates no legal obligation.
Recommendation
An EU instrument that urges Member States to act in a certain way. It need not be followed.
Delegated regulation
A regulation the Commission adopts within the scope a basic law has delegated to it. It is binding and applies directly in Member States.
EuroHPC Joint Undertaking
An organisation through which the EU and participating countries jointly buy and run supercomputers and quantum computers. Quantum technologies joined its mission through the January 2026 amendment.
Chips Joint Undertaking (Chips JU)
A joint undertaking under the EU Chips Act. It also handles pilot lines for quantum chips.
Dual-use
Usable for both civil and military purposes. Dual-use items fall under export control.
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC)
Cryptography thought to resist even future quantum computers. See our explainer on post-quantum cryptography.

8. References

  1. European Commission (DG CONNECT) Quantum (policy page: summary of the Quantum Europe Strategy, the three aims of the Quantum Act, the Quantum Flagship, EuroHPC's six sites and EUR 100 million, the Poznan and Ostrava openings, EuroQCI; last updated 23 June 2026). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/quantum
  2. European Commission COM(2025) 363, Communication on the Quantum Europe Strategy (2 July 2025: the 2030 and 2035 targets, six pilot lines, design facility, action list, references to export controls). https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/117890
  3. European Commission (DG CONNECT) Quantum Technologies Flagship (budget, size of the ramp-up phase and the current phase; last updated 22 May 2025). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/quantum-technologies-flagship
  4. Council of the EU Council Regulation (EU) 2026/150 of 16 January 2026 amending Regulation (EU) 2021/1173 on establishing the European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (Official Journal, 19 January 2026: the quantum pillar, the Union contribution cap, entry into force). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/150/oj
  5. European Commission Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/2003 of 8 September 2025 (Official Journal, 14 November 2025: Annex I replaced in full; the quantum-related entries 4A506, 3A504 and 3A501). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2025/2003/oj
  6. European Parliament and Council of the EU Regulation (EU) 2021/821 (the EU dual-use export-control regulation; its recitals say licensing decisions lie with national authorities). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/821/oj
  7. European Commission Commission Recommendation (EU) 2024/1101 of 11 April 2024 on a Coordinated Implementation Roadmap for the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (Official Journal, 12 April 2024). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2024/1101/oj
  8. European Commission Press release "EU reinforces its cybersecurity with post-quantum cryptography" (23 June 2025: the end-2026 and end-2030 milestones). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/eu-reinforces-its-cybersecurity-post-quantum-cryptography
  9. European Parliament Legislative Train, "Quantum Act" (status "Announced" as of 20 September 2026; work programme date Q2 2026; three lines of action; legal basis). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-new-plan-for-europe-s-sustainable-prosperity-and-competitiveness/file-quantum-act
  10. European Commission Press release "Executive Vice-President Virkkunen meets Europe's top quantum scientists" (26 May 2026). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/executive-vice-president-virkkunen-meets-europes-top-quantum-scientists
  11. European Commission Key figures on European Commission staff (HR Key Figures 2026: 33,071 staff as of 1 January 2026). https://commission.europa.eu/publications/key-figures-european-commission-staff_en
  12. European Commission Adopting EU law (under the ordinary legislative procedure Parliament and Council adopt on an equal footing; the Commission submits the proposal). https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-making-process/adopting-eu-law_en
  13. European Commission Press release "Europe inaugurates its second quantum computer" (23 September 2025: VLQ; six quantum computers procured by EuroHPC). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/europe-inaugurates-its-second-quantum-computer
  14. European Commission Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CONNECT's responsibilities and the Executive Vice-President in charge; checked October 2026). https://commission.europa.eu/about-european-commission/departments-and-executive-agencies/communications-networks-content-and-technology_en

9. Claim-to-source audit

Claim in the textStatusSource
Adoption date of the Quantum Europe Strategy (2 July 2025), the five areas for action, the three aims of the Quantum Act, and the note that adoption is scheduled for 2026SourcedReference 1 https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/quantum
The strategy's targets (about 100 error-corrected qubits by 2030, thousands by 2035), six pilot lines (EUR 40 to 50 million each), 2026 plans for a design facility and roadmaps, nearly EUR 2 billion from the EU and over EUR 9 billion from Member States over five years, the supply-chain assessment, and that the strategy is a CommunicationSourcedReference 2 https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/117890
The Quantum Flagship's start (2018), expected budget of about EUR 1 billion, ramp-up phase of EUR 152 million and 24 projects, current phase of over EUR 400 millionSourcedReference 3 https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/quantum-technologies-flagship
Dates of the EuroHPC amendment (adopted 16 January 2026, in force 20 January), the quantum pillar, the Union contribution cap of EUR 4,122.3 million, EUR 1,660 million from Horizon Europe (including EUR 160 million for quantum), that it is a Council regulation, and that it is bindingSourcedReference 4 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/150/oj
Adoption, publication and entry-into-force dates of Delegated Regulation 2025/2003, the entries and conditions in 4A506, 3A504 and 3A501, the exclusion of annealers, the definition of physical qubits, and the need for regular updates of the listSourcedReference 5 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2025/2003/oj
Licensing decisions are made by the competent authorities of each Member StateSourcedReference 6 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/821/oj
Date of the PQC migration recommendation and its legal basis (Article 292 of the Treaty)SourcedReference 7 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2024/1101/oj
The Member States' roadmap (23 June 2025): start migrating by the end of 2026, move critical infrastructure no later than the end of 2030SourcedReference 8 https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/eu-reinforces-its-cybersecurity-post-quantum-cryptography
Status of the Quantum Act ("Announced" as of 20 September 2026), work programme date Q2, indicative legal basisSourcedReference 9 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-new-plan-for-europe-s-sustainable-prosperity-and-competitiveness/file-quantum-act
The 26 May 2026 release (announcing the next day's meeting with the advisory board) and its description of the Quantum Act as forthcomingSourcedReference 10 https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/executive-vice-president-virkkunen-meets-europes-top-quantum-scientists
Staff of 33,071 (as of 1 January 2026)SourcedReference 11 https://commission.europa.eu/publications/key-figures-european-commission-staff_en
Under the ordinary procedure Parliament and Council adopt laws and the Commission submits the proposal; the Council is made up of representatives of the 27 Member StatesSourcedReference 12 https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-making-process/adopting-eu-law_en
VLQ opening (September 2025) and six quantum computers procured by EuroHPC (as of September 2025)SourcedReference 13 https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/europe-inaugurates-its-second-quantum-computer
The quantum lead is the Executive Vice-President for Technological Sovereignty, Security and Democracy; the department is DG CONNECTSourcedReference 14 https://commission.europa.eu/about-european-commission/departments-and-executive-agencies/communications-networks-content-and-technology_en
Opening of Euro-Q-Exa (Munich) on 12 February 2026SourcedReference 1 (headline in its latest-news list); we did not retrieve the individual page https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/quantum
The four-type classification of institutions and the ranking by how binding documents areOur calculationThis article's own classification
Total EU quantum spending and the number of staff working on quantumNot yet confirmedNot stated as a single figure in references 1 to 14. This article does not estimate it
Timing of the Quantum Act proposal, whether the roadmaps planned for 2026 have been published, and when the Act would be adopted and applyNot yet confirmedReferences 2, 9 and 10. Cannot be settled from primary sources as of 16 October 2026, so this article leaves them open
The two Section 6 inferences ("negotiation is needed before it becomes law" and "the list will probably keep being updated")InferenceThis article's reading of references 5 and 12

Last updated: 16 October 2026 / Troy Technical
Figures in this article come from official pages of the European Commission, the Official Journal of the EU and the European Parliament. Quantum policy moves fast, and the status of the bill, the publication of roadmaps and the version of the list may change, so each date of checking (16 October 2026) is shown. Items marked "Inference" are this article's own reading of the primary sources.

Illustration update: 17 October 2026. References to vector drawings in the article and source tables describe the retained original SVGs. See each current caption for the foreground image format and reading guide. ImageGen illustrations are not measurements or photographs of actual products; original SVGs, values and sources remain available in expandable references.
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